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With the rise of the integrated communication and computer era, digitalization, broadband, and intelligence have become the future direction of communication development. Society has increasingly high demands on telecom services, both in terms of quality and service types. As a key part of the telecom network, access networks connect local switches to users, acting as the capillaries and bottlenecks of the entire system. They are crucial for achieving digitalization, broadband, and service integration.
An embedded system is a specialized computer system designed with application-centric hardware and software tailored for specific tasks. It finds widespread use in industries such as manufacturing, process control, communication, instrumentation, automotive, aerospace, military equipment, and consumer electronics.
In an embedded system, an on-board communication interface refers to a path or bus used to connect various integrated circuits with peripheral devices. The following section will explain some common on-board communication interfaces.
**I2C Bus**
The I2C bus is a synchronous, bidirectional, half-duplex, two-wire serial interface bus. Developed by Philips Semiconductors in the 1980s, it was originally designed to connect microprocessors/microcontrollers to TV peripheral chips. The I2C bus consists of two lines: SCL (Serial Clock Line) and SDA (Serial Data Line). SCL generates clock pulses, while SDA transfers data between devices.
Multiple I2C devices can be connected to the same bus, and each device can act as either a master or a slave. The master controls the communication, initiating and terminating data transfer, and generating clock signals. The slave waits for commands from the master and responds accordingly. Both master and slave can send or receive data, but only the master can generate the clock signal.
To ensure proper operation, pull-up resistors are used to keep the SDA and SCL lines at a high level when idle. These resistors typically have a value of 2.2K ohms. The address of an I2C device is set using hardware connections, and the communication sequence involves a start condition, address transmission, read/write bit, acknowledgment, data transfer, and stop condition.
The I2C bus supports three data rates: standard mode (100 kbps), fast mode (400 kbps), and high-speed mode (3.4 Mbps).
**SPI Bus**
The SPI bus is a synchronous, full-duplex, four-wire serial interface developed by Motorola. It follows a "single master + multiple slaves" architecture. The four signal lines are MOSI (Master Out Slave In), MISO (Master In Slave Out), SCLK (Serial Clock), and SS (Slave Select).
The master generates the clock signal and selects the desired slave by pulling its SS line low. Data is transferred through shift registers, and the configuration of the communication is user-defined. Unlike I2C, SPI does not support built-in error checking, making it more suitable for high-speed data streaming.
**UART**
UART-based communication is asynchronous, meaning no shared clock signal is required. Instead, both the transmitting and receiving devices must agree on a predefined configuration, including baud rate, data bits, parity, and stop bits.
A start bit signals the beginning of a data byte, followed by the data bits, and ending with a stop bit. If parity is used, a parity bit is added to ensure data integrity. UART also supports hardware flow control for managing data streams.
**1-Wire Interface**
The 1-Wire interface, developed by Maxim Dallas Semiconductor, uses a single signal line for communication. It allows power delivery over the same line and supports unique 64-bit identification codes for each device. Communication starts with a reset pulse, followed by addressing and data exchange.
**Parallel Interface**
A parallel interface is used for high-speed communication between a system and a peripheral device. It maps the peripheral to the host memory, allowing direct access via address decoding. Control signals manage read/write operations, and the data bus width determines the interface's capacity, which can range from 4 to 64 bits.
September 25, 2025