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1. What is a serial port?
A serial port is one of the most common communication protocols used in computers, though it should not be confused with the Universal Serial Bus (USB). Most traditional computers come with two EIA-232-compatible serial ports, which are widely used for connecting various instruments, sensors, and modems. These ports support communication with GPIB-compatible devices and can also be used to integrate remote sampling systems through data acquisition functions. It's worth noting that EIA-232 is often referred to as RS-232, while EIA-485 and EIA-422 are also known as RS-485 and RS-422, respectively.
Serial communication is simple in concept. Instead of sending an entire byte at once like parallel communication, a serial port sends and receives one bit at a time. Although this method is slower than parallel transmission, it is ideal for long-distance communication. For example, IEEE 488 (a parallel protocol) limits cable lengths between devices to 20 meters (65 feet), while serial communication can extend up to 1,200 meters (4,000 feet). This makes it more suitable for applications where distance is a concern.
Typically, engineers use ASCII data for serial communication, which involves three main signal lines: ground, transmit, and receive. Since serial communication is asynchronous, data can be sent on one line and received on another, allowing for handshaking on other lines. Key features of a serial port include baud rate, data bits, stop bits, and parity. All these parameters must match between two communicating devices for successful communication.
The baud rate refers to the speed at which data is transmitted, measured in bits per second. A 300 baud rate means 300 bits per second. Common baud rates for telephone lines include 14,400, 28,800, and 33,600. Higher baud rates allow faster communication but reduce the maximum distance between devices. They are typically used for short-range communications, such as with GPIB devices.
Data bits represent the actual number of bits being transferred in each frame. Standard values are 5, 7, or 8 bits. For example, standard ASCII uses 7 bits, while extended ASCII uses 8 bits. Each frame includes start and stop bits, along with the data and a parity bit if used. The stop bit marks the end of a data frame and helps maintain synchronization between devices, especially when their clock speeds differ slightly. More stop bits provide better error tolerance but slow down the overall transmission speed.
Parity is a basic form of error detection in serial communication. There are four types: even, odd, mark, and space. Parity is optional, but it helps detect errors during transmission. For instance, even parity ensures that the total number of 1s in a data frame is even, while odd parity ensures it is odd. Mark and space parity don’t check the data itself but set specific values to indicate the state of the signal, helping the receiver identify potential issues like noise or misalignment.
2. EIA-232 Overview
EIA-232 is a serial communication standard commonly used in IBM-compatible computers for connecting peripherals such as sensors, modems, and instruments. It allows point-to-point communication over distances up to 15 meters. However, its design limits it to direct connections between a computer’s serial port and a single device. As a result, many computers require additional serial ports or adapters to support multiple devices.
Despite its widespread use, EIA-232 has limitations, especially when compared to modern standards. The Win32 API, originally designed for modem communication, does not fully support all EIA-232 features, making it incompatible with some devices. Manufacturers often attempt to bridge this gap by offering enhanced serial interfaces or software solutions. Still, users may need specialized tools or drivers to ensure full compatibility and reliable communication.
Yixing Futao Metal Structural Unit Co. Ltd. is com manded of Jiangsu Futao Group.
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August 11, 2025