ATmega128 system module, design a CNC engraving machine system
In order to achieve effective control of a mini CNC engraving machine, a comprehensive system design based on the ATmega128 microcontroller is proposed. This includes both hardware and software components. The hardware design involves power supply voltage conversion circuits, the ATmega128 microcontroller as the central processing unit, and the interconnection between various modules. On the software side, the system is developed using the AVR Studio environment, enabling communication with a PC and controlling key components such as the stepper motor, spindle motor, and ultrasonic sensor. A keyboard-based operation panel was also designed for initial positioning of the engraving head, enhancing user experience and efficiency.
As the demand for precision in art models, machining, and tooling continues to grow, the need for advanced engraving equipment has become more critical. Traditional engraving machines, however, are often large, complex, and expensive. They require specialized computers and trained operators, making them unsuitable for hobbyists or small-scale designers who want to create custom engravings. Additionally, many traditional systems rely on manual positioning, which is time-consuming and imprecise. High-end systems may offer automated positioning, but they come at a steep cost.
To address these challenges, a compact and user-friendly mini CNC engraving machine system was developed. It combines simplicity, accuracy, and efficiency, making it ideal for both personal and small business use. The system is built around the ATmega128 microcontroller, which serves as the main control unit. It integrates several essential modules, including a stepper motor driver, an LCD12864 display, a keyboard interface, an ultrasonic sensor, and a serial communication module.
The system architecture is illustrated in Figure 1. The ATmega128 microcontroller plays a central role in processing G-code from the PC via MACH3 software. It then converts the data and sends it to the control board through a serial communication module. Before starting the engraving process, the system allows users to manually position the engraving head using a six-button control panel, improving accuracy and reducing material waste. The LCD12864 display provides real-time feedback on the engraving head’s coordinates and processing time, offering better control and visibility.
The minimum system configuration of the ATmega128 is shown in Figure 2. This module includes essential components like the microcontroller, power supply, and I/O ports, ensuring reliable operation. The LCD12864 display module, depicted in Figure 3, supports Chinese characters, letters, and symbols, making it versatile for different applications. The ATmega128 controls the display through its PC port for data transmission and the PF port for control signals such as chip select, read/write, and reset.
For precise movement along three axes, the system uses a BL-210 stepper motor driver. This driver supports high-frequency chopping, constant current driving, and multiple subdivision settings (1/2, 1/4, 1/8), allowing for fine control over motor speed and accuracy. The driver receives PWM signals from the ATmega128, which regulate the motor’s rotational speed. The circuit diagram of the BL-210 driver is shown in Figure 4, illustrating how the motor phases are connected and controlled.
Overall, this mini CNC engraving machine system offers a cost-effective, reliable, and easy-to-use solution for a wide range of engraving tasks, meeting the needs of both professionals and enthusiasts.
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