ATmega128 system module, design a CNC engraving machine system

In order to achieve control of a mini CNC engraving machine, a system design based on the ATmega128 microcontroller is proposed. This includes both hardware and software components. The hardware section involves power supply conversion circuits, the ATmega128 as the main control chip, and the connection circuits between different modules. On the software side, the AVR Studio environment is used for programming, enabling the ATmega128 to control stepper motors, spindle motors, ultrasonic sensors, and communicate with a PC. A keyboard operation panel was designed for initial positioning of the engraving head, making the system user-friendly and reliable. Practical applications confirm that the system meets all design requirements, offering simplicity, safety, and efficiency. With the rapid development of industries such as art modeling, machining, and tooling, the demand for advanced processing equipment has increased significantly. Engraving machines have become an essential part of these fields. However, traditional engraving machines are large, complex to operate, and expensive. They require specialized computers and trained operators, making them unsuitable for hobbyists or small-scale designers. Manual positioning of the engraving head in some models is time-consuming and imprecise, while high-end systems are costly and not practical for everyday use. To address these issues, a compact and efficient mini CNC engraving machine system has been developed. It offers ease of use, accurate positioning, and high performance. The system is built around the ATmega128 microcontroller, integrating modules such as a stepper motor driver, LCD12864 display, keyboard interface, ultrasonic sensor, power supply, and serial communication. These components work together to provide a complete solution for engraving non-ferrous metal materials. The system architecture is illustrated in Figure 1. The ATmega128 serves as the central controller, generating PWM signals to manage the stepper and spindle motors. G-code from MACH3 software is processed on a PC, converted into the appropriate format, and sent to the control board via serial communication. For initial positioning, a six-button panel allows users to adjust the engraving head manually. An LCD12864 screen displays coordinates and processing time, improving usability. The system also features a minimum ATmega128 circuit, which provides the necessary I/O ports and PWM capabilities. The LCD12864 module supports Chinese characters and symbols, enhancing the user experience. The stepper motor driver, using BL-210, ensures smooth and precise motion with adjustable subdivisions, allowing for fine control over motor movement. This mini CNC engraving system is ideal for hobbyists, small businesses, and educational institutions, offering a cost-effective and efficient alternative to traditional machines. Its modular design makes it easy to expand and customize, ensuring long-term usability and adaptability.

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